Based on the stems they classed as either single stemmed, two stemmed or multiple stemmed.

Past, optative, and infinitive forms are formed on past bases.

Present and imperative forms are formed on present bases.

Pashto verbs can be conjugated by the bases they have.

Prefixed verbs, a-initial verbs and compound verbs are separable.

Pashto verbs are of four categories: simple verbs, prefixed verbs, a-initial verbs and compound verbs.

The perfective aspect indicates completion of an action while the imperfective aspect indicates continuous or habitual action.

Aspect: Pashto in every tense has perfective aspect and imperfective aspect.

The future tense is the same as present tense with the exception of markers.

Pashto has three tenses: Past, present and future.

Other than the recognised words above new words can be coined by speakers through these affixes Raverty: a suffix 'affixed to nouns signifying sound of any kind, in forming the plural'. Pashtoon: 'suffix used to form onomatopoeic words indicating the repetition or intensification of a sound'. It can be used as suffix to denote team, group, company etc.ДЄccording to Z. Also used to create adjective/nouns related to the throat such as ШЁЩ€Ъ–ШєШ§Ъ“ЫЊ ДЄn adjectival suffix showing that the new word is 'somewhat' like the root word.

The adjective shows a quality that can be possessed.ДЇorms actor/agent nouns that have to do with an art/skill. Forms adjectives meaning fit/able to be done or suitable to.ДЇorms adjectives from nouns. Suffix for nouns expressing kinship/relationships Suffix affixed to place names to form a feminine noun living or found in that place Suffix affixed to place names to form a masculine noun living or found in that place Suffix affixed to words having to do with time and location Suffix to indicate something is like/similar to the root word but not that word. Only used with borrowed words.ДЄ diminutive suffix. of the root.ДЄ agent-noun suffix borrowed from Ottoman Turkish. Like English suffix 'er', 'or' and 'ist'. Makes nouns showing that noun is a resident of that place, is engaged in the activity indicated in the root word, possessor of the root word. Makes nouns which signify 'mastery of', 'rule of' or 'endowment with in quality' with the root word. Makes concept/abstract nouns showing the root's cherishing/fostering. It is like Persian ЩѕШ±ШіШЄ but unlike ЩѕШ±ШіШЄ only used for agentive nouns not as an adjective. Means someone is the cherisher/nourisher of the word attached. This is used to make only two nouns denoting consumable noun. The new suffixed word has feminine gender. This is the most common suffix used to makes nouns from verb. This makes nouns denoting place of the action This is affixed to nouns to form feminine concept/abstract nouns mostly to do with association e.g. This is affixed to adjectives (including verbal adjectives) to show a state of being Ъ†Щ†Ш¬Щ† ДЄn adjective-forming suffix applied to nouns denoting a materialДЄn adjective forming suffix to show endowment/possession.ДЇorms ordinal number names from cardinals Suffix that forms nouns and adjectives that mean possessing a quality or objectДЄdjective-forming suffix having the quality of the noun e.g. Becomes 'yiz' if preceded by a vowel e.g.

This is affixed to noun to make adjectives.ДЄ suffix also used to create nouns of profession.ДЄdjectival suffix. This is affixed to nouns and adjectives to form feminine concept/abstract nouns. This is affixed to nouns and adjectives to form masculine concept/abstract nouns. paxГЎ 'ripe, cooked').Д¬lass I adjectives are consonant-final in their citation form and keep the stress on the final syllable of the stem.

Category 2 has the same stress alternation, but has three distinct stems, with stressed stem vowel 'o' or 'u' in masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, unstressed stem vowel 'ДЃ' in masculine singular Oblique I and plural Direct, and unstressed stem vowel 'a' in all other forms (e.g. Category 3 has a basic distinction between the masculine singular Direct, Oblique II and Vocative, with stem stress, and all other forms, with a (sometimes) different stem and with ending stress (e.g.

Categories 2 and 3 have stem and stress alternations among different cases.

For feminine adjectives, singular Oblique I and Vocative merge, while singular Direct and Oblique II merge combined with mergers noted previously, there can be at most three distinct forms for feminine adjectives.

The above two conditions mean that there can be at most five distinct forms for masculine adjectives (but in fact, no class distinguishes more than four).

Singular Oblique I and plural Direct always merge into a single form.

In the plural, both obliques and the vocative merge into a single form.

Pashto grammar pdf